Chief Black Hawk (1767-1838)
Influence of European Culture
Conflict Between Cultures
European Explorers Meet Early Iowans
Spanish Meet Indians
Land Ownership
Indian Agents
Sac and Mesquakie Move to Iowa
Only Sioux Remained in Iowa
Massacre at Spirit Lake
Mesquakies Return to Iowa
Mesquakie Maintain CultureIndian Removal in Iowa
When
Europeans began to colonize North America, they had to deal with the native
inhabitants. In some cases efforts were made to coexist. In fact, the North
American English colonies owed their survival to the Indians.
In the 17th century, when European fashion provided a demand for furs, the
North American continent became a source for animal pelts. French and English
traders exchanged European-made goods for furs brought to the posts by Indians.
As Indians became dependent on these goods, they moved away from their old
self-sufficient ways.
Following the American Revolution, the United States government tried to bring
some control to the trading situation. The government tried to provide a way
to prevent further hostilities. A policy was devised by which treaties were
made with Indian tribes. The government bought Indian land and moved the Indians
away from the European settlers who purchased land from the government.
This did not solve the conflicts between the two cultures, however. Both continued
to hold different views about land use and justice. As European settlers began
to move into the Iowa land, Native American tribes were affected.
American Indians: The Iowa Experience
At the time of the Louisiana Purchase
in 1803 the lands bordering the Mississippi River were used by a number of
Indian tribes and fur traders. By this time the federal government's policy
for Indian removal and relocation had become a highly organized operation.
The government purchased land from the Indian tribes in return for promises
of relocation, protection and payment of tribal debts. After the land was
purchased from the Indians, it was surveyed and divided. Then the government
sold the land.
By 1830 the government had relocated a number of tribes within the future
Iowa boundaries. The Sioux were assigned to an area around the Upper Iowa
River. The Sauk and Mesquakie were placed south of the Upper Iowa River. The
Winnebago were squeezed into a 40-mile zone along the Upper Iowa River.
Land for the European Settlers
European settlers were interested
in the lands west of the Mississippi and began to pressure the government
to purchase the land for settlement. The removal of the Indian tribes from
the Iowa territory was fast. The first purchase of land for sale to settlers
was the result of the Black Hawk War, an incident that took place in Illinois
and Wisconsin. Black Hawk, a Sauk warrior, resisted removal from his land
along the eastern side of the Mississippi River.
The outcome was disastrous for the Indians. The government used the incident
to obtain lands in Iowa. The peace treaty demanded that the Sauk and the Mesquakie
give up land west of the Mississippi. Five years later another land purchase
was made, and the Sauk and Mesquakie were moved farther west.
Cheap Land for the Government
In 1841 when the United States government
again approached the Sauk and Mesquakie for more land, the tribes recognized
the hopelessness of their situation. They tried to sell their land in small
parcels, hoping to get more money. The government refused. In the end there
was no sale and no money for the already indebted tribes.
Poverty and debt forced the two tribes to make another treaty in 1842. All
their lands in central Iowa were ceded. The Indians agreed to leave the area
within three years. Debts to the traders were paid and yearly payments promised.
The whole arrangement cost the federal government 11 cents an acre. The treaty-making
continued. By 1862 Indian tribes had given up all the land in what is now
Iowa.
The Mesquakie Story
The story of the Mesquakie is unique
to both American and Iowa Indian history. The tribe migrated to Iowa in the
late 18th century. For reasons of defense, they were at that time closely
allied to the Sauk. In the years prior to their migration to the Iowa region,
the Mesquakie had controlled the fur trade routes along the Fox River near
the Green Bay Trading Post. Following a series of defeats by the French, remnants
of the tribe moved southward into the land that would become Iowa. The Mesquakie
settled along the western side of the Mississippi. The Sauk settled on the
eastern side of the river.
After the Louisiana Purchase, the two tribes were treated as one by the new
owner of the land— the United States government. Because of this policy,
the 1832 treaty following the defeat of Black Hawk penalized the Mesquakie
even though they had not been involved in the incident.
In 1846 when the Mesquakie and the Sauk were moved to Kansas, a few Mesquakie
secretly remained in Iowa. Those who moved to Kansas were unhappy with the
poor conditions there and decided to return to Iowa. In 1856 this group requested
and received permission from the Iowa General Assembly to purchase and live
on land in the state. With continued support from the state legislature for
their right to own property in Iowa, they purchased land in Tama County.
When the Mesquakie returned to live in Iowa, the federal government withdrew
financial support promised in earlier treaties. Years of hardship followed
as the tribe worked to make a living on an area of land too small to support
so many people. Finally state officials convinced the government to resume
the annual payments. The tribe used the money to purchase more land. Today
the Mesquakie own over 3,000 acres along the Iowa River in Tama County. The
Mesquakie have worked diligently to support themselves and to recover their
way of life.
The Story is the Same Everywhere
Throughout North America the story of the Native Americans is much the same. In most cases the Native peoples were relocated to new lands. European settlers rushed in to purchase the vacated land from the United States government. In Iowa the Sauk, Mesquakie, Sioux and Winnebago were the main tribes affected by the arrival of Europeans. Although they were forced to leave their lands in the Iowa territory, the Mesquakie returned to establish a permanent home in the state of Iowa. They continue to contribute to the story of Iowa and its people.
