Ioway
Jackrabbit 
Indians Use Bows and Arrows
Indian Tribes of Iowa
Influence of European Culture
French and Early Iowans
Animal Hide ScrapingFur Trading: A Native Iowan Industry
Fur As Fashion and Currency
Although
many items besides fur were traded between the Native Americans and Europeans,
the exchange of goods became known as the "fur trade" because the
Europeans thought fur was the most important part of the practice. Animal
skins had long been a necessary part of life for Native Americans. They used
the hides for food storage, clothing and shelter. But animal skins took on
a new meaning when fur traders came to the "New World." For Europeans,
fur became fashion. For the Native Americans, fur became currency. The fur
trade changed the way of life for many Native Americans living in the area
that became Iowa.
From roughly 1700 to 1840 the British and French came to the New World searching
for riches and resources including animal furs. A seemingly endless supply
of raccoon, marten, deer, buffalo, bear, wolf, muskrat, otter and mink fed
the Europeans' huge appetites for fur fashions.
One European fashion accessory in particular, the beaver hat, drove the fur
trade in the New World. These beaver hats were so popular in Europe that no
well-dressed person would be seen without one. The demand for beaver fur was
so great that the animals were hunted nearly to extinction in European countries.
The New World provided a fresh supply of beaver fur to fill the heavy demand,
creating a lucrative new industry in North America.
The British, French and eventually Americans established trade relationships
with the Indians in order to acquire the valuable fur. The Indians knew the
hunting grounds and wanted ways to trade with the Europeans. The men of the
tribes would hunt, trap and skin the animals. The Indian women would scrape,
stretch and cure the hides to prepare them for trade. Sometimes the Native
American trappers took their furs to a trading post. Sometimes the European
traders came to the Native Americans' land to collect the furs.
The rendezvous (derived from a French word meaning "to present yourself")
was a big part of the fur trade. At the yearly rendezvous the Native Americans
met with other trappers and traders to exchange furs and goods. It was also
an opportunity to trade ideas, stories and news.
Indians Benefit Too
The
Indians would receive products they couldn't produce like iron, silver, axes,
knives, guns, kettles, cloth, alcohol, glass beads, mirrors and wool blankets
in exchange for the pelts and other items. Sometimes the Native Americans
took the items on credit. They were allowed to take the items and "pay"
with more furs the next trapping season. It wasn't unusual for the Native
Americans to become hopelessly indebted to the traders as their debt accumulated
over several seasons.
The fur trade lasted about two centuries. It greatly impacted the Native Iowans'
way of life. Not only were goods traded, but ideas were also exchanged. Europeans
learned about the importance of living simply and sharing food for survival
in the wilderness. But Native Americans had abandoned some of their old ways
of doing things and had become dependent on the new goods they got from the
European traders. Native Americans provided European traders huge quantities
of furs. However, European hat manufacturers began to use silk and the demand
for furs eventually slowed. The traders paid the Native Americans less and
less for the furs as the demand for them decreased. Ultimately, the decline
in the fur trade created great problems for the Native Americans because they
continued to need goods from the European traders but could no longer afford
them.
Sources:
- Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum Home Page. 29 Oct. 2004. Early Exploration and Settlement. 23 Mar 2005 http://hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/Mississippi/2trade.html
- Minnesota Historical Society Home Page. 2000. Minnesota Historical Society. 23 Mar 2005 http://www.mnhs.org/places/sites/nwcfp/furback.html
- "Trading: Furs, Axes, Canoes, Kettles and a Whole Lot More." The Goldfinch 6:2 (1984): 2-4.
- "How the Fur Trade Worked." The Goldfinch 6:2 (1984): 6-7.
